History of Fiber Optics

HISTORY OF FIBER OPTICS * In 1840, Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet exhibited the rule of controlling light by refraction. * It was trailed by an open show by John Tyndal in 1852. In 1870, Tyndal expounded on the property of absolute interior appearance in his book about the idea of light. * In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell and Sumner Tainter created the Photophone, a gadget equipped for transmitting sound waves over light emission is considered as mankind’s first endeavor to utilize light for conveying data. * In 1930, Clarence Hansel and John Logie Baird showed autonomously picture transmission utilizing fiber. * In 1940’s, Heinrich Lamm effectively transmitted pictures through a solitary glass fiber utilized for interior clinical assessments. * In 1951, Harold Hopkins and Narinder Singh Kapany tried different things with light transmission through packs of fiber.Their study prompted the improvement of the adaptable fiberscope, which is utilized in the clinical field . It was additionally Kapany who begat the term fiber optics in 1956. * In 1953, Charles Townes and two of his alumni understudies built up the MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation), and in 1960, Theodore Maiman built up the primary LASER ( Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). In 1967, Charles Kao and George Bockham of the Standard Telecommunications Laboratory proposed the cladded fiber links. * In 1970, Robert Maurer, Donalk Keck and Kapron of Corning Glass built up the main fiber optics with misfortunes under 2dB/Km. * In 1980’s, misfortunes in fiber optics were decreased to as low as 0. 16 dB/Km. This is because of the improvement of top notch light sources and indicators. * In 1990’s, the photonic gem fiber was built up that can convey high force than the customary silica based filaments.

The importance of having a strategic procurement plan Essay

The significance of having a vital obtainment plan - Essay Example This exploration will start with the explanation that obtainment arranging as substantiated by Sanjay is a powerful procedure that necessities contribution from various gatherings of experts. In this manner John suggests that key obtainment and arranging in an association ought to be performed by a multidisciplinary group set up especially for the obligation, with the inclusion of different specialized and the board proficient who is knowledgeable about acquirement and flexibly the board of vital wellbeing supplies. Where vital, the acquisition arranging group may demand aptitude and guidance from certain advisors.â The multidisciplinary group is built up to ensure that the arranging procedure isn't interfered. The duties of the group are not simply constrained to the arranging of the items, rather it too includes observing, assessment, and usage of the key acquisition plan. The acquirement of wellbeing items, for example, drugs in a social insurance association requires full infor mation on the gracefully framework, the sister associations and different establishments included. To ensure that there is a consistent accessibility of items inside the association, the obtainment arranging group of the association, needs to detail, organize, do and screen the whole acquirement process. The group ought to play out a brisk circumstance assessment of the gracefully framework to build up potential issues and bottlenecks that could adversely affect the accessibility of items inside the principle association and sister associations. As clarified by Sanjay drugs flexibly framework is cyclic in its temperament whereby each undertaking is upheld by the past errand and leads deliberately to the following. Assuming each assignment is done autonomously of each other as opposed to being a component of a coordinated framework, the outcome is increments in costs, visit stock deficiencies and crumbling in the nature of patient consideration. A genuine case of this angle can be se en in the necessities estimation process when there is precise, elegantly composed and consistently refreshed epidemiological records and data on the utilization of the item and buys may turn out to be progressively exact, effective and convenient.

Informative Essay Samples 4th Grade

Informative Essay Samples 4th GradeInformative essay samples are easy to find. They can be found on the internet, in magazines, or even in books that are specifically written for the purpose of teaching elementary students. No matter where you get them, the writing sample should be the same.The easiest way to approach it is to just do it yourself. You can make a plan to write the paper for your student, or you can sit down and write as though you were giving the assignment to a teacher. It will take some work to do it this way, but in the end it will be a great accomplishment for you as well as your student. Plus, it will help your student to become more comfortable with the essay writing process.To begin, start by asking the student what their area of interest is. This is something that is going to come up a lot, especially during fourth grade. If they are involved in an activity that has to do with a certain topic, they are going to have some ideas about it. That is why it is a goo d idea to keep a journal with you. Write down any questions that come up and work through them with your student.After writing down some general questions, you will want to make sure that you choose a specific topic for the paper. This could be anything, including some religious topics, world news, or a special event that happens at the school that you think will interest your student.Talk to the student and see what ideas they have for the paper. Ask them to tell you why they chose their topic. The more information you can gather, the better. Keep in mind that an idea isn't always right, and you can never know until you ask for more information. It is usually better to have more questions than to try to answer all of them. Most students have their own opinions about the subject of the paper. If they don't have an opinion, try to find one out. Then you can ask them what they think about it and use that information to give them more information for their essay.When the paper is finis hed, review it carefully, and then incorporate your observations into the entire class discussion. You can ask the class what they thought about it and include some of their comments in your writing. Talk about their choices, and the reasons they made them.You will want to make sure that you explain everything that you found out about your student. Then you will also want to discuss it with the student. If there is anything you want to add, then do so. In the end, it will be a great opportunity for your student to learn and grow as a writer.

Elizabeth Fry

Known for:Â  prison reform, reform of mental asylums, reform of convict ships to Australia Dates: May 21, 1780 - October 12, 1845Occupation: reformerAlso Known as: Elizabeth Gurney Fry About Elizabeth Fry Elizabeth Fry was born in Norwich, England, into a well-off Quaker (Society of Friends) family. Her mother died when Elizabeth was young. The family practiced relaxed Quaker customs, but Elizabeth Fry began to practice a stricter Quakerism. At 17, inspired by the Quaker William Saveny, she put her religious faith into action by teaching poor children and visiting the sick among poor families. She practiced more plain dress, pain speech, and plain living. Marriage In 1800, Elizabeth Gurney married Joseph Fry, who was also a Quaker and, like her father, a banker and merchant. They had eight children between 1801 and 1812. In 1809, Elizabeth Fry began to speak at Quaker meeting and became a Quaker minister. Visit to Newgate In 1813 came a key event in Elizabeth Frys life: she was talked into visiting the womens prison in London, Newgate, where she observed women and their children in horrible conditions. She didnt return to Newgate until 1816, having two more children int aht time, but she began working for reforms, including those that became themes for her: segregation of the sexes, female matrons for female prisoners, education, employment (often kitting and sewing), and religious instruction. Organizing for Reform In 1817, Elizabeth Fry began the Association for the Improvement of Female Prisoners, a group of twelve women who worked for these reforms. She lobbied authorities including Members of Parliament -- a brother-in-law was elected to Parliament in 1818 and became a supporter of her reforms. As a result, in 1818, she was called to testify before a Royal Commission, the first woman to so testify. Widening Circles of Reform Activism In 1819, with her brother Joseph Gurney, Elizabeth Fry wrote a report on prison reform. In the 1820s, she inspected prison conditions, advocated reforms and established more reform groups, including many with women members. By 1821, a number of womens reform groups came together as the British Ladies Society for Promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners. In 1822, Elizabeth Fry gave birth to her eleventh child. In 1823, prison reform legislation was finally introduced in Parliament. Elizabeth Fry in the 1830s Elizabeth Fry traveled extensively in western European countries in the 1830s advocating her preferred prison reform measures. By 1827, her influence had diminished. In 1835, Parliament enacted laws creating harsher prison policies instead, including hard labor and solitary confinement. Her last trip was to France in 1843. Elizabeth Fry died in 1845. More Reforms While Elizabeth Fry is known more for her prison reform activities, she was also active in investigating and proposing reforms for mental asylums. For more than 25 years, she visited every convict ship leaving for Australia, and promoted reform of the convict ship system. She worked for nursing standards and established a nursing school which influenced her distant relative, Florence Nightingale. She worked for the education of working women, for better housing for the poor including hostels for the homeless, and she founded soup kitchens. In 1845, after Elizabeth Fry died, two of her daughters published a two-volume memoir of their mother, with selections from her journals (44 handwritten volumes originally) and letters. It was more hagiography than biography. In 1918, Laura Elizabeth Howe Richards, daughter of Julia Ward Howe, published Elizabeth Fry, the Angel of the Prisons. In 2003, Elizabeth Frys image was selected to appear on the English ​five-pound note.

Social Networking Influence on Society and Redefining...

Social Networking: Influence on Society and Redefining Social Relationships. Social networking websites such as Face book, Twitter, MySpace, LinkedIn and You Tube are reaching 1.2 Billion users, globally, (ComScore, 2012). Their unprecedented popularity has the opportunity to influence lives in numerous ways. Current research is revealing socialising online is not only popular among young people but across older generations as well, (Hampton, Goulet, Rainie, Purcell, 2010) (ComScore, 2012). Several online communities are redefining traditional social relationships by developing a new style of internet initiated intimacy. Furthermore, academics may have to adapt current research processes before being able to truly understand the extent†¦show more content†¦Perhaps the most intimidating element of social networking is the combination of potential risks with the amount of people who are accessing these sites. Social networking is a global phenomenon, in the past teenagers and college students were the most active users, but now older generations are embracing this new technology (ComScore, 2012). A recent survey of 2,255 people conducted by the Pew Research Centre found 16% of Social Networking users were aged between 18 to 22 years old, 32% were between 23 – 35 years, 26% between 36 – 49 years, 20% between 50 – 65 years and 6% were aged 65+. (Hampton, Goulet, Rainie, Purcell, 2010). With an increasing number of people choosing to engage in social networking sites, across all age ranges, it is interesting to look at how this phenomenon might be redefining social relationships. Deborah Chambers in her book ‘New Social ties: Contemporary connections in a fragmented society’ suggests that social networking sites have ‘sparked an explosion in a distinctive kind of relationship: one formed without or before face to face contact.’ (Chambers, 2006, p134) Chambers proposes that people are interacting, intimately, through social networking sites and thus developing a new style of Internet-initiated relationships. These connections are redefining the traditional face to face relationships because they allow the participant to experiment with theirShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the Influence That Social Networking Plays in Society Today? How, and to What Extent, Has It Re-Defined Social Relationships and Is This Generationally Specific?1144 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the influence that Social Networking plays in society today? How, and to what extent, has it re-defined social relationships and is this generationally specific? Social Networking plays an important role in society today; it will be argued that social networking has redefined social relationships and that this effect is generationally specific (Salman,2009) Social Networking sites such as Facebook have had a profound effect on personal relationships. The twenty first century is an imprisonedRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1252 Words   |  6 PagesThe ideas of Social Media and Social Networking can sometimes overlap or be grouped together by researchers due to the similarities between the two. However, Social Media is still a media which is primarily used to transmit or share information with a broad audience, while social networking is an act of engagement as people with common interests associate together and build relationships through community (Edosomwan, 2011). Social Media can be viewed as a medium to get a conversation to reach aRead MoreInvasion Of Privacy And Discrimination Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral codes in organizational structure. It’s the organization’s Human Resource Management job to outlay if somethings ethical or unethical and not just draft it in documents but the actual imp lementation. For every business to run and serve the society and all its stake holders the business must carry out its activities in all fairness, activities that should abide by moral codes and ethics and not the norms of the industry. . Billington (2003: 20-25) cited in Kew and Stradwick (2008: 274) listsRead MoreImproperly Redefining ‚Äà ºBeautiful‚Äà ¹: Social Media‚Äà ´s Profound Effect on Body Image1483 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Emily Muhlberg ENGL 112 Dr. Delony March 4, 2014 Improperly Redefining â€Å"Beautiful†: Social Media’s Profound Effect on Body Image The effects that social media outlets such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have on their viewers are widely varied, but in my opinion the most impactful message that viewers take away from their social media use is the proposed definition of what is â€Å"beautiful†. People are highly moldable beings who soak up what they are surrounded by, so it makes sense that aRead MoreSocial Media As A Marketing Tool2218 Words   |  9 PagesScholars, especially in sociology and psychology have noted with immense concern the massive increase in the usage of social networking media over the past several years. This is illustrated by the fact that within eight years, the subscription and usage of Facebook had grown to almost a billion people. WhatsApp, on the other hand, has stood out as the most popular messenger application globally. Some recent studies revealed that it has become more popular than Twitter with more than three hundredRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society205 5 Words   |  9 Pagesthe lives of individuals in our society, it also revolutionized the way they interact socially. Social media is the collection of online communications websites primarily focused on virtual community interactions, fast and easy content-sharing, and convenient ways for collaboration between people. There are lots of well-known social media web sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, MySpace, Twitter, YouTube, Flickr, WordPress, and Blogger. From these online social networking websites, individuals, friendsRead MorePlanning Leisure Activities for Disadvantaged Groups Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesWhen planning leisure activities for disadvantaged groups it is essential to consider both the sociological and psychological factors that may influence participation. A short stay excursion to a Melbourne Cup race can be used to highlight the complexities involved in providing equitable leisure opportunities that combat both low social class and disability. As this excurs ion will highlight, despite the psychological benefits of leisure, young people with a disability face multiple sociological barriersRead MoreFunctions Of Operations Management At Tesco Plc3232 Words   |  13 Pagesoperations performance. The stage-3 operations aspire to be clearly the best in the market (Brown, et al, 2013). At this stage, the firm attempts to link its strategies with operations. At Tesco, the operations management once practices customer relationship and customer loyalty practices through the ‘Every Little Helps’ strategy. It was Tesco’s attempts to linking its strategies with operations. 4- Externally Supportive At present, Tesco is in the fourth stage in which the company constantly redefinesRead MoreEssay on Internet Addiction Disorder4686 Words   |  19 Pagesto the 1990’s, but it has quickly become a major staple in our lives. As with anything there is a good and bad side. Americans and people around the world are becoming more and more reliant on using the internet for their informational, academic, social, entertainment, organizational, and connectional needs. Along with all of the good that this has brought a new disorder is arising, internet addiction disorder. Although internet addiction disorder has not been added as of yet to the DSM hopes byRead MoreThe Peoples Republic of China vs. the Internet Essay2940 Words   |  12 PagesBrian A. Connery, a professor at Oakland University who has studied power, defines power as, Any capacity to get people to do what you want them to do. Power is evident in the relationship between a state and its citizens. The government has power over its citizens to enact laws and regulate society. In many societies, such as the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), the government maintains most of the power over its people. In a powerful government, such as China, its citizens may not believe

The widespread use of accessible technology, such as...

The widespread use of accessible technology, such as mobile devices and Internet, impacts massively on peoples lifestyles and work. For more and more people, digital technology opens the door not only to leisure pursuits but also work opportunities, and the mix of both (Chatfield, 2012). Topics such as virtual/ digital work, crowdsourcing and online labour markets (OLM) are among the hot topics in the broader discussion about the future of work. While, some authors (Horton, 2010; Satzger, Psaier et al, 2012; Ranade, Varshney, 2012) focus on the economic aspects of the online labour markets such as price setting, elasticity of supply and demand, skills matching, for other scientists, in fields such as psychology, computer science and†¦show more content†¦Taking a quality of life approach, the research questions that this paper aims to answer are: what are eWorker’s individual perceptions and closely-held beliefs about their work arrangements? Is eWork a good work arra ngement as perceived by the workers themselves? The focus on individuals, rather than on policies, institutions, organizations, companies, comes from the need to understand particularly what these work arrangements mean for individual people and how they affect their lifestyles and quality of life. This project will define quality of life as The degree to which a person enjoys the important possibilities of his/her life (Raphael, et. al, 1998: 2) in three major life domains: being, belonging and becoming (Renwick and Brown, 1996). Being refers to who one is and includes Physical Being (health, hygiene, nutrition, exercice and general appearence); Psychological Being (psychological health, feelings and evaluations about the self such as self-esteem) and Spiritual Being (ones personal values, standards of conduct and spiritual beliefs). Belonging is about the persons fit with her environment and includes Physical Belonging (connections with the physical environments of home,Show More RelatedSOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF MOBILE PHONE IN BANGLADESH: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY11162 Words   |  45 Pagesï » ¿ A Seminar Paper on Socio economic Impacts of Mobile Phone in Bangladesh: An Exploratory Study Seminar Paper On SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF MOBILE PHONE IN BANGLADESH: An Exploratory Study Course Title : Seminar and Viva voce Course Code : BAN 200 Submitted To: Md. Zillur Rahman Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet Submitted By: Syeda Fatima Banu Reg. No. 2009731007 MohammadRead MoreApple Strategic Analysis10312 Words   |  42 Pagesfirm’s history of category-defining products like the iPod and iPhone provide sufficient evidence that it is well-equipped to continue its path of innovation, by creating a digital lifestyle convergence device that bridges users’ on-the-go digital lives and their at-home digitals lives. The proposed device will be powerful and feature packed, while leveraging the Apple system of seamless integration to create a compelling user experience, presented in an elegant package showcasing the firm’s industry-leadingRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesMachine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data Governance at InsuraCorp CASE STUDY I-6 H.H. Gregg’s Appliances, Inc.: Deciding on a New Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-7 Midsouth ChamberRead MoreIct and Ebusiness Retail Industry88499 Words   |  354 PagesICT and e-Business Impact in the Retail Industry Study report No. 04/2008 European Commission, DG Enterprise Industry e-Mail: entr-innov-ict-ebiz@ec.europa.eu, info@ebusiness-watch.org Impact Study No. 04/2008 ICT and e-Business Impact in the Retail Industry A Sectoral e-Business Watch study by empirica GmbH Final Report Version 4.0 September 2008 This report was prepared by empirica on behalf of the European Commission, Enterprise Industry Directorate General, in the contextRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesaccordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 TottenhamRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesprecisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theo ry. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book

Natural disasters free essay sample

Although natural disasters are caused by nature and there is nothing that we can do to prevent them happening, there are many different natural causes that lead to natural disasters, and being aware of these causes enables us to be better prepared when such disasters do arrive. Different Types of Natural Disasters One common natural disaster is flooding, which occurs when a river bursts its banks and the water spills out onto the floodplain. This is far more likely to happen when there is a great deal of heavy rain, so during very wet periods, flood warnings are often put in place. There are other risk factors for flooding too: steep-sided channels cause fast surface run-off, while a lack of vegetation or woodland to both break the flow of water and drink the water means that there is little to slow the floodwater down. Drainage basins of impermeable rock also cause the water to run faster over the surface. Alternatives 1. Rommel, Burgin, and Neeleman should have thought of the welfare of policy owners and passengers before taking their decisions. In these situations we have to look for cause and effect relationships. 2. They should have listened to different options instead of taking the first option they had. In the three cases, the managers shaped their own decisions to reflect the organization’s performance evaluation and other systems to comply with the organization’s formal regulations and to meet organizationally imposed time constraints. They should have also thought about their clients 3. The improper response to the media had very bad influences and was very unprofessional. They should have treated the situation with more winsomely and more professionally. Evaluate Alternatives All the alternatives said above depend on personalities and their abilities of problem solving and decision-making. These elements are important skills for business, management and leadership. Some people have these skills by nature and others have to go through processes and techniques to improve their level and quality of their decisions. Recommendation Anything can affect the clients’ safety, the decisions and the choices have to be taken very carefully in favor of both clients and companies. Managers have to understand that there are events in life, like natural disasters that are outside human control, and these events require a convenient plan for both owners and clients. Also, sometimes previous organizational decisions act as precedents to constrain current decision so organizations have to try to avoid this to happen.