History of Fiber Optics

HISTORY OF FIBER OPTICS * In 1840, Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet exhibited the rule of controlling light by refraction. * It was trailed by an open show by John Tyndal in 1852. In 1870, Tyndal expounded on the property of absolute interior appearance in his book about the idea of light. * In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell and Sumner Tainter created the Photophone, a gadget equipped for transmitting sound waves over light emission is considered as mankind’s first endeavor to utilize light for conveying data. * In 1930, Clarence Hansel and John Logie Baird showed autonomously picture transmission utilizing fiber. * In 1940’s, Heinrich Lamm effectively transmitted pictures through a solitary glass fiber utilized for interior clinical assessments. * In 1951, Harold Hopkins and Narinder Singh Kapany tried different things with light transmission through packs of fiber.Their study prompted the improvement of the adaptable fiberscope, which is utilized in the clinical field . It was additionally Kapany who begat the term fiber optics in 1956. * In 1953, Charles Townes and two of his alumni understudies built up the MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation), and in 1960, Theodore Maiman built up the primary LASER ( Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). In 1967, Charles Kao and George Bockham of the Standard Telecommunications Laboratory proposed the cladded fiber links. * In 1970, Robert Maurer, Donalk Keck and Kapron of Corning Glass built up the main fiber optics with misfortunes under 2dB/Km. * In 1980’s, misfortunes in fiber optics were decreased to as low as 0. 16 dB/Km. This is because of the improvement of top notch light sources and indicators. * In 1990’s, the photonic gem fiber was built up that can convey high force than the customary silica based filaments.

The importance of having a strategic procurement plan Essay

The significance of having a vital obtainment plan - Essay Example This exploration will start with the explanation that obtainment arranging as substantiated by Sanjay is a powerful procedure that necessities contribution from various gatherings of experts. In this manner John suggests that key obtainment and arranging in an association ought to be performed by a multidisciplinary group set up especially for the obligation, with the inclusion of different specialized and the board proficient who is knowledgeable about acquirement and flexibly the board of vital wellbeing supplies. Where vital, the acquisition arranging group may demand aptitude and guidance from certain advisors.â The multidisciplinary group is built up to ensure that the arranging procedure isn't interfered. The duties of the group are not simply constrained to the arranging of the items, rather it too includes observing, assessment, and usage of the key acquisition plan. The acquirement of wellbeing items, for example, drugs in a social insurance association requires full infor mation on the gracefully framework, the sister associations and different establishments included. To ensure that there is a consistent accessibility of items inside the association, the obtainment arranging group of the association, needs to detail, organize, do and screen the whole acquirement process. The group ought to play out a brisk circumstance assessment of the gracefully framework to build up potential issues and bottlenecks that could adversely affect the accessibility of items inside the principle association and sister associations. As clarified by Sanjay drugs flexibly framework is cyclic in its temperament whereby each undertaking is upheld by the past errand and leads deliberately to the following. Assuming each assignment is done autonomously of each other as opposed to being a component of a coordinated framework, the outcome is increments in costs, visit stock deficiencies and crumbling in the nature of patient consideration. A genuine case of this angle can be se en in the necessities estimation process when there is precise, elegantly composed and consistently refreshed epidemiological records and data on the utilization of the item and buys may turn out to be progressively exact, effective and convenient.

Informative Essay Samples 4th Grade

Informative Essay Samples 4th GradeInformative essay samples are easy to find. They can be found on the internet, in magazines, or even in books that are specifically written for the purpose of teaching elementary students. No matter where you get them, the writing sample should be the same.The easiest way to approach it is to just do it yourself. You can make a plan to write the paper for your student, or you can sit down and write as though you were giving the assignment to a teacher. It will take some work to do it this way, but in the end it will be a great accomplishment for you as well as your student. Plus, it will help your student to become more comfortable with the essay writing process.To begin, start by asking the student what their area of interest is. This is something that is going to come up a lot, especially during fourth grade. If they are involved in an activity that has to do with a certain topic, they are going to have some ideas about it. That is why it is a goo d idea to keep a journal with you. Write down any questions that come up and work through them with your student.After writing down some general questions, you will want to make sure that you choose a specific topic for the paper. This could be anything, including some religious topics, world news, or a special event that happens at the school that you think will interest your student.Talk to the student and see what ideas they have for the paper. Ask them to tell you why they chose their topic. The more information you can gather, the better. Keep in mind that an idea isn't always right, and you can never know until you ask for more information. It is usually better to have more questions than to try to answer all of them. Most students have their own opinions about the subject of the paper. If they don't have an opinion, try to find one out. Then you can ask them what they think about it and use that information to give them more information for their essay.When the paper is finis hed, review it carefully, and then incorporate your observations into the entire class discussion. You can ask the class what they thought about it and include some of their comments in your writing. Talk about their choices, and the reasons they made them.You will want to make sure that you explain everything that you found out about your student. Then you will also want to discuss it with the student. If there is anything you want to add, then do so. In the end, it will be a great opportunity for your student to learn and grow as a writer.

Elizabeth Fry

Known for:Â  prison reform, reform of mental asylums, reform of convict ships to Australia Dates: May 21, 1780 - October 12, 1845Occupation: reformerAlso Known as: Elizabeth Gurney Fry About Elizabeth Fry Elizabeth Fry was born in Norwich, England, into a well-off Quaker (Society of Friends) family. Her mother died when Elizabeth was young. The family practiced relaxed Quaker customs, but Elizabeth Fry began to practice a stricter Quakerism. At 17, inspired by the Quaker William Saveny, she put her religious faith into action by teaching poor children and visiting the sick among poor families. She practiced more plain dress, pain speech, and plain living. Marriage In 1800, Elizabeth Gurney married Joseph Fry, who was also a Quaker and, like her father, a banker and merchant. They had eight children between 1801 and 1812. In 1809, Elizabeth Fry began to speak at Quaker meeting and became a Quaker minister. Visit to Newgate In 1813 came a key event in Elizabeth Frys life: she was talked into visiting the womens prison in London, Newgate, where she observed women and their children in horrible conditions. She didnt return to Newgate until 1816, having two more children int aht time, but she began working for reforms, including those that became themes for her: segregation of the sexes, female matrons for female prisoners, education, employment (often kitting and sewing), and religious instruction. Organizing for Reform In 1817, Elizabeth Fry began the Association for the Improvement of Female Prisoners, a group of twelve women who worked for these reforms. She lobbied authorities including Members of Parliament -- a brother-in-law was elected to Parliament in 1818 and became a supporter of her reforms. As a result, in 1818, she was called to testify before a Royal Commission, the first woman to so testify. Widening Circles of Reform Activism In 1819, with her brother Joseph Gurney, Elizabeth Fry wrote a report on prison reform. In the 1820s, she inspected prison conditions, advocated reforms and established more reform groups, including many with women members. By 1821, a number of womens reform groups came together as the British Ladies Society for Promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners. In 1822, Elizabeth Fry gave birth to her eleventh child. In 1823, prison reform legislation was finally introduced in Parliament. Elizabeth Fry in the 1830s Elizabeth Fry traveled extensively in western European countries in the 1830s advocating her preferred prison reform measures. By 1827, her influence had diminished. In 1835, Parliament enacted laws creating harsher prison policies instead, including hard labor and solitary confinement. Her last trip was to France in 1843. Elizabeth Fry died in 1845. More Reforms While Elizabeth Fry is known more for her prison reform activities, she was also active in investigating and proposing reforms for mental asylums. For more than 25 years, she visited every convict ship leaving for Australia, and promoted reform of the convict ship system. She worked for nursing standards and established a nursing school which influenced her distant relative, Florence Nightingale. She worked for the education of working women, for better housing for the poor including hostels for the homeless, and she founded soup kitchens. In 1845, after Elizabeth Fry died, two of her daughters published a two-volume memoir of their mother, with selections from her journals (44 handwritten volumes originally) and letters. It was more hagiography than biography. In 1918, Laura Elizabeth Howe Richards, daughter of Julia Ward Howe, published Elizabeth Fry, the Angel of the Prisons. In 2003, Elizabeth Frys image was selected to appear on the English ​five-pound note.

Social Networking Influence on Society and Redefining...

Social Networking: Influence on Society and Redefining Social Relationships. Social networking websites such as Face book, Twitter, MySpace, LinkedIn and You Tube are reaching 1.2 Billion users, globally, (ComScore, 2012). Their unprecedented popularity has the opportunity to influence lives in numerous ways. Current research is revealing socialising online is not only popular among young people but across older generations as well, (Hampton, Goulet, Rainie, Purcell, 2010) (ComScore, 2012). Several online communities are redefining traditional social relationships by developing a new style of internet initiated intimacy. Furthermore, academics may have to adapt current research processes before being able to truly understand the extent†¦show more content†¦Perhaps the most intimidating element of social networking is the combination of potential risks with the amount of people who are accessing these sites. Social networking is a global phenomenon, in the past teenagers and college students were the most active users, but now older generations are embracing this new technology (ComScore, 2012). A recent survey of 2,255 people conducted by the Pew Research Centre found 16% of Social Networking users were aged between 18 to 22 years old, 32% were between 23 – 35 years, 26% between 36 – 49 years, 20% between 50 – 65 years and 6% were aged 65+. (Hampton, Goulet, Rainie, Purcell, 2010). With an increasing number of people choosing to engage in social networking sites, across all age ranges, it is interesting to look at how this phenomenon might be redefining social relationships. Deborah Chambers in her book ‘New Social ties: Contemporary connections in a fragmented society’ suggests that social networking sites have ‘sparked an explosion in a distinctive kind of relationship: one formed without or before face to face contact.’ (Chambers, 2006, p134) Chambers proposes that people are interacting, intimately, through social networking sites and thus developing a new style of Internet-initiated relationships. These connections are redefining the traditional face to face relationships because they allow the participant to experiment with theirShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the Influence That Social Networking Plays in Society Today? How, and to What Extent, Has It Re-Defined Social Relationships and Is This Generationally Specific?1144 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the influence that Social Networking plays in society today? How, and to what extent, has it re-defined social relationships and is this generationally specific? 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At Tesco, the operations management once practices customer relationship and customer loyalty practices through the ‘Every Little Helps’ strategy. It was Tesco’s attempts to linking its strategies with operations. 4- Externally Supportive At present, Tesco is in the fourth stage in which the company constantly redefinesRead MoreEssay on Internet Addiction Disorder4686 Words   |  19 Pagesto the 1990’s, but it has quickly become a major staple in our lives. As with anything there is a good and bad side. Americans and people around the world are becoming more and more reliant on using the internet for their informational, academic, social, entertainment, organizational, and connectional needs. Along with all of the good that this has brought a new disorder is arising, internet addiction disorder. Although internet addiction disorder has not been added as of yet to the DSM hopes byRead MoreThe Peoples Republic of China vs. the Internet Essay2940 Words   |  12 PagesBrian A. Connery, a professor at Oakland University who has studied power, defines power as, Any capacity to get people to do what you want them to do. Power is evident in the relationship between a state and its citizens. The government has power over its citizens to enact laws and regulate society. In many societies, such as the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), the government maintains most of the power over its people. In a powerful government, such as China, its citizens may not believe

The widespread use of accessible technology, such as...

The widespread use of accessible technology, such as mobile devices and Internet, impacts massively on peoples lifestyles and work. For more and more people, digital technology opens the door not only to leisure pursuits but also work opportunities, and the mix of both (Chatfield, 2012). Topics such as virtual/ digital work, crowdsourcing and online labour markets (OLM) are among the hot topics in the broader discussion about the future of work. While, some authors (Horton, 2010; Satzger, Psaier et al, 2012; Ranade, Varshney, 2012) focus on the economic aspects of the online labour markets such as price setting, elasticity of supply and demand, skills matching, for other scientists, in fields such as psychology, computer science and†¦show more content†¦Taking a quality of life approach, the research questions that this paper aims to answer are: what are eWorker’s individual perceptions and closely-held beliefs about their work arrangements? Is eWork a good work arra ngement as perceived by the workers themselves? The focus on individuals, rather than on policies, institutions, organizations, companies, comes from the need to understand particularly what these work arrangements mean for individual people and how they affect their lifestyles and quality of life. This project will define quality of life as The degree to which a person enjoys the important possibilities of his/her life (Raphael, et. al, 1998: 2) in three major life domains: being, belonging and becoming (Renwick and Brown, 1996). Being refers to who one is and includes Physical Being (health, hygiene, nutrition, exercice and general appearence); Psychological Being (psychological health, feelings and evaluations about the self such as self-esteem) and Spiritual Being (ones personal values, standards of conduct and spiritual beliefs). Belonging is about the persons fit with her environment and includes Physical Belonging (connections with the physical environments of home,Show More RelatedSOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF MOBILE PHONE IN BANGLADESH: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY11162 Words   |  45 Pagesï » ¿ A Seminar Paper on Socio economic Impacts of Mobile Phone in Bangladesh: An Exploratory Study Seminar Paper On SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF MOBILE PHONE IN BANGLADESH: An Exploratory Study Course Title : Seminar and Viva voce Course Code : BAN 200 Submitted To: Md. Zillur Rahman Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet Submitted By: Syeda Fatima Banu Reg. No. 2009731007 MohammadRead MoreApple Strategic Analysis10312 Words   |  42 Pagesfirm’s history of category-defining products like the iPod and iPhone provide sufficient evidence that it is well-equipped to continue its path of innovation, by creating a digital lifestyle convergence device that bridges users’ on-the-go digital lives and their at-home digitals lives. 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Natural disasters free essay sample

Although natural disasters are caused by nature and there is nothing that we can do to prevent them happening, there are many different natural causes that lead to natural disasters, and being aware of these causes enables us to be better prepared when such disasters do arrive. Different Types of Natural Disasters One common natural disaster is flooding, which occurs when a river bursts its banks and the water spills out onto the floodplain. This is far more likely to happen when there is a great deal of heavy rain, so during very wet periods, flood warnings are often put in place. There are other risk factors for flooding too: steep-sided channels cause fast surface run-off, while a lack of vegetation or woodland to both break the flow of water and drink the water means that there is little to slow the floodwater down. Drainage basins of impermeable rock also cause the water to run faster over the surface. Alternatives 1. Rommel, Burgin, and Neeleman should have thought of the welfare of policy owners and passengers before taking their decisions. In these situations we have to look for cause and effect relationships. 2. They should have listened to different options instead of taking the first option they had. In the three cases, the managers shaped their own decisions to reflect the organization’s performance evaluation and other systems to comply with the organization’s formal regulations and to meet organizationally imposed time constraints. They should have also thought about their clients 3. The improper response to the media had very bad influences and was very unprofessional. They should have treated the situation with more winsomely and more professionally. Evaluate Alternatives All the alternatives said above depend on personalities and their abilities of problem solving and decision-making. These elements are important skills for business, management and leadership. Some people have these skills by nature and others have to go through processes and techniques to improve their level and quality of their decisions. Recommendation Anything can affect the clients’ safety, the decisions and the choices have to be taken very carefully in favor of both clients and companies. Managers have to understand that there are events in life, like natural disasters that are outside human control, and these events require a convenient plan for both owners and clients. Also, sometimes previous organizational decisions act as precedents to constrain current decision so organizations have to try to avoid this to happen.

Basketball Needs To Be Fixed Essay Research free essay sample

Basketball Needs To Be Fixed Essay, Research Paper Basketball Needs to Be Fixed Professional and college hoops have become really popular in the Black Marias and heads of many Americans. Millions of dollars a twelvemonth are spent on dress, tickets, and telecasting all generated by people # 8217 ; s love for hoops. But in the last twosome of old ages, both the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and college hoops have lost a significant sum of their competition and hold caught much criticizim for it. At the bosom of this job is a individual cause, greed. The game of hoops has become all about money alternatively of the game and its fans. This job needs to be addressed, and the best topographic point to get down is with the college participants, or more specifically, the NBA bill of exchange. The regulations and guidelines that pertain to the bill of exchange are greatly at mistake for the down slide of both college and NBA hoops and they need to be changed before the game down slides into nil. We will write a custom essay sample on Basketball Needs To Be Fixed Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The alterations that need to be made are simple, lowerclassmans should non be eligible for the NBA bill of exchange ; or in other words, if you have old ages of eligibility left, you should non be eligible to be drafted by an NBA squad. What jobs would this work out? The reply is most jobs in basketball today. First, college hoops has paid greatly by losing its most gifted participants to the NBA every bit many as three old ages early. This has resulted in non merely an overall decrease of the game, but in certain fortunes caused the ruin of one time great hoops plans. This is how it happens, colleges recruit participants based on what their demands are or what they will necessitate shortly in the hereafter. So let us state that one school has a great nucleus of sophomore and junior participants for an approaching season. The managers do non hold the demand or the room for many new top notch participants. So all of the top recruits find other schools to travel to. Then, allow us state that the great nucleus of participants foliages for the NBA, go forthing the squad with mediocre participants and a atrocious season to look frontward to. By the following recruiting period comes about, the school # 8217 ; s repute has been hurt, and so has their opportunities of set downing the top recruits . This continues until the school # 8217 ; s one time proud hoops tradition is a thing of the yesteryear. This state of affairs is non merely conjectural, schools like UNLV, Georgetown, Seton Hall, and Houston have all gone through this procedure and now find themselves at the underside of the barrel. It is non merely the universities that early entry to the NBA injuries, the conference in general takes a immense blow. College hoops markets their squads after their best participants, when those participants decide to travel pro early, the publicity of college hoops is hurt ; along with the overall endowment degree of the conference is lowered drastically. Games become less interesting because the participants are non as talented. This in bend hurts the telecasting webs because people do non like watching games in which they do non cognize who the participants are. And so, that in bend hurts the conference and the schools once more because the webs will non pay every bit much to telecast the games as they one time did. The schools and the conference are non the lone 1s hurt, by go forthing school early trusting to do the large vaulting horses the participants hurt themselves. In the universe that we live in today, if you do non hold a college grade, chances are limited. Look at the statistics, 60 participants are drafted each twelvemonth, and there are merely 360 roster musca volitanss in the full NBA. The opportunities that each participant drafted will do the squad is about an impossibleness. Some people go back to school and seek to complete their grades, but most do non because one time you give up your eligibility, you c annot acquire it back, with agencies most of them can non afford to travel back to school. This leaves a batch of people out of work and with no grade. By maintaining the college participants in school, most will accomplish their grade by the clip that they are ready for the NBA. The donee of the lowerclassmans being allow to go forth early would be the NBA right? It seems that manner, but that is non truly the instance. The job with outlining lowerclassmans is that they are non wholly matured yet, they have non yet received all of the accomplishments that they would necessitate to do the immediate impact that their squads expect them to do. These accomplishments include leading, duty, and adulthood ; these are the thing that college is supposed to learn them, but by go forthing early they are non given all of the things that they need to be a success. Many of the new participants in the conference develop attitudes of bumptiousness or certitude because of their bill of exchange place or because of the 1000000s of dollars that they are being paid. Suspensions and mulcts for misconduct are at an all-time high in the NBA now and the biggest ground for it is the immature participants who have non been taught the regard and behavior that they need. This gives the NBA a bad name and is get downing to upset a batch of the veteran participants who have made the NBA what it is today. Another thing that the bill of exchange does is that it makes edifice or reconstructing a squad a entire gaming game. Beting 1000000s of dollars on a participant in their early mid-twentiess that squads have no thought if they will be any good, many squads are frequently incorrect and are stuck with a multimillion dollar investing that went rancid. This makes squads take old ages to develop their immature participants, and in the interim their record and fan attending and support go down the tubing. This besides hurts the Television webs because no 1 wants to see second-rate professional squads play, and so that turns about and hurts the squads and the conference because the webs pay less for telecasting rights. Money, is evidently the ground why lowerclassmans leave for the NBA early. If you were 22 old ages old, and person would pay you 90 million dollars to play a game that you love, would you drop out of college? The job with this is the rising prices of participants wages. When participants are drafted immature, they demand to be paid what they want ; squads pay them 1000000s right out of college. This makes the seasoned participants covetous, and they ask for more money. Then when the following twelvemonth comes about, the form repeats itself, and it # 8217 ; s another downward spiral. That is how participants # 8217 ; wages have rose to absurd bounds. No 1 noticed the job while it was go oning, but now that it is a job there is no existent manner to repair it. In 1996, a cub salary cap was put into consequence by the NBA to set a bound on get downing wages, so some steps are being taken. This is a start, but it is non the reply to the job. If lowerclassmans were non allowed to come out early, high cub wages would non hold to be every bit high, and the participants would likely be more accepting of less money than most cubs are acquiring now, and this would assist work out the all-round money job in the NBA. Both the NBA and college hoops seem to be in a rut. And as stated before, they ground is the underclassmen go forthing school early to do money in the NBA. So what # 8217 ; s the solution? Easy, do non allow the college participants enter the NBA bill of exchange early. It would profit everyone in the hereafter. Of class there would be a transitional period, but the losingss would be short and the effects of the alteration would be apparent really rapidly. Let the game be played the manner it was meant to be played, for the competition and non for the money.

Bambaras Lesson essays

Bambara's Lesson essays When Toni Cade Bambara wrote "The Lesson" she had a definite meaning in mind. The author wanted to stress the inappropriate dispersion of wealth in America. The main device Bambara uses to create her point is contrast. Sylvia, the young narrator, talks about how her family could pay for the rent and then some for the same cost as a toy clown. The difference between the incomes of Sylvias family and a person who could afford to buy the toy is vast. Another contrast made by Bambara was the difference in the neighborhoods that the story took place in. The small poor neighborhood in which the story started and finished was the perfect place for the girls to be. They owned their little neighborhood. It was not a surprise when the girls were taken to bustling downtown New York and were awestruck. Even though the city wasnt in some distant land, located far far away, the children were in culture shock. A part of the story that emphasizes this is when the children get out of the cab onto 5th avenue and all they see is "Everybody dressed up in stockings. One lady in a fur coat, hot as it is. White folks crazy" (p.2). These poor children were submerged into the culture of the wealthy without the knowledge or education to understand the Another issue that Bambara stresses is the lack of teaching by the parents. She emphasizes this by having a stranger come into these childrens lives and teach them about the "real world. The parents and not a stranger should do the job of teaching these children the lessons of life. Every child needs to learn the lessons of social classes at a young age, so that they know that they can rise above what they were born into. A line from the end of the story sums this point up nicely: "I think...that this is not much of a democracy of you ask me. An equal chance at happiness means an equal crack at the dough, dont it?" ...

The fundamentality of Holdens alienation-- a form of self protection Essay

The fundamentality of Holdens alienation-- a form of self protection to resist the process of maturity - Essay Example The book was banned in certain communities, however, because of Salinger's free language and frequent use of profanity. Catcher in the Rye is a book about an adolescent boy caught between desire to appear grown-up and suave, while at the same time being repulsed by what he feels is phoniness in the adult world. The novel represents Holden Caulfield's attempts to come to terms with both of these polarities. Throughout the novel, the reader is presented time and time again with Holden's revolving patterns-his attempt to connect and his habit of alienating himself both from the adult world and people he meets. This essay will take a look at Holden's patterns of alienation, which in the writer's opinion represent his attempt to avoid the process of maturity. By constantly 'running away' Holden manages to evade the demands and pressures The novel describes a period of time of three days in Holden Caulfield's life. Holden sums it up in his talk with the psychiatrist: "I'll just tell you about this madman stuff that happened to me around last Christmas just before I got pretty run-down and had to come out here and take it easy." (The Catcher in the Rye, 1) "If you really want to hear about it, the first thing you'll probably want to know is where I was born, and what my lousy childhood was like, and how my parents were occupied and all before they had me, and all that David Copperfield kind of crap, but I don't feel like going into it, if you want to know the truth," (1) This first interaction that we witness already sets forth some of Holden's patterns. Holden anticipates what the psychiatrist will ask him, but has no desire to talk about details. This is one of Holden's repeating patterns throughout the novel-he reveals only as much as he sees fit, but rarely does he tell the whole truth. He does not feel comfortable revealing his inner self to an adult, and we will see this again and again in the novel. But his attitude about sharing is not limited to adults only; Holden often "shoots the bull" with his peers as well, but his words are evasive. The bottom line of his resistance to self-disclosure is that he does not feel comfortable in the world. In fact, he feels that he is a part of the world in which he feels he does not really belong. This is often a typical adolescent attitude, but what sets Holden apart from his peers is that he searches for the truth, the truth about himself and the truth connected to innocence. Holden's story starts on "the day [he] left Pencey Prep" (The Catcher in the Rye, 2). There is a football game going on, but Holden does not participate. He instead wishes to feel some kind of good-bye as he is leaving the school. Holden is getting kicked out as he did not "apply [himself]" (4) enough to the subjects. His non-committal attitude towards the school work might be puzzling to the reader, as he is very bright, but it reveals his deep resistance to "play the game" of life by the rules set forth by others. He does not believe

Magazine Production and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Magazine Production and Design - Essay Example We go the extra mile and do not print paper with a high ratio of the post-consumer content. In order to avoid toxicity, high energy consumption and waste disposal problems our magazine does not use chemicals to de-ink post consumer paper. X-treme Suburbia does not use virgin-fiber paper in its production. We recycle the scrap paper from our production facility into newsprint rather than white paper saving energy, water, and chemical treatment. Our vendors have obtained certifications that recognize sustainable forestry. This is a guarantee that our products adhere to strict environmental standards. We primarily use soy, a vegetable-based ink. It is extremely environmentally friendly. The printed pieces are water based aqueous that are very friendly to the environment much more than the commonly used UV coatings. Our waste is minimal since we use top grade paper, well-trained press operators, and efficient printing equipment. Our magazines pages contain over 90% recycled fiber and 30% post-consumer waste and 100% recycled content. We save millions of trees in the process. Our magazine is locally manufactured cutting on transportation costs and keeping carbon footprint low. Our paper mill uses the latest technology that lowers emissions by 90% and saving millions of gallons of water. We are currently working on the process of ISO certification. Our magazine is affordable, brighter and whiter.At X-treme Suburbia we go an extra mile in educating society about the need to take care of the environment and natural resources. The strategy of producing, designing and distributing products in different locations has been used by many organizations in the history of business. It is known as diversification, and it has several advantages and a few disadvantages. The most obvious of these advantages is that diversification enables the organization to spread its risks since it does not keep all its eggs in one basket. When all activities are crammed into one

The United Nation’s Constitutions’ article 1, Section 6, Clause1 Essay Example for Free

The United Nation’s Constitutions’ article 1, Section 6, Clause1 Essay The following is a discussion on basic principles under the constitution on the above clause. The amendment of the clause was done under amendment 27 – limiting the congressional pay increases. The 27th Amendment which was first proposed on September 25th 1789, as an article of the then Bill of right did not pass since it failed to meet the number of states required. For this reason it sat, without ratification but did not have an expiry date for a period of past 80 years until Ohio ratified it in protest of a congressional pay rise. Â  In 1978, Wyoming ratified it but there still lacked follow-up by the other states and in the early 1980’s Gregory Watson, who was an aide to a Texas legislator, took up the proposal of an amendment’s cause. Â  Between 1983 and 1992, the required number states ratified the amendment, and it was declared a ratified amendment on May 7, 1992. Â  The Article gives all senators and Representatives a right to receive a compensation for their services to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases except Treason (the attempt to overthrow the government of one’s nation), Felony (serious crime such as murder) and Breach of peace be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and coming out of the same, and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place’. This exempted all Senators and Representatives from arrest on their way and out of the House a privilege that helps them attend the house session without interruption as long as the said offences are not in place. It is important for the Representatives and Senators salaries to be got from the United States Treasury something that guarantees that the figures received are well looked into as it is a law already passed and written. This also meant that the senators and representatives may get a increase on their salaries on when the treasury declares and sees that it can afford the funds for the period in question. Â  The clause continues to state that ‘No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the Authority of the United States which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof have been increased during such time, and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of the House during his Continuance in office’. Â  This second part of the clause very clearly disapproves a person who is already appointed to any civil authority becoming a member of the House. At least this way equal chance for people is supported since one can only have one government job at a time. This will make the Senator or the Representative fully dedicated to serving the people since they can only have this as the single source of income from the government. It also forbids any person who is already elected in the House as a senator or representative from ‘benefiting’ from money meant for the civil office. This will result in more transparency as far as the government and funds is concerned. This clause states that the Senators or representatives will be well compensated so this way their needs are well met for the term they happen to be in the house and since they are allowed to enjoy a two term incase they still make it to the house then it becomes the responsibility of a senator or representative as to what they deliver during their term/s.

Savannah :: Personal Narrative, Descriptive, Description

As I walked into the hot, sticky gym to say goodbye on the last day of the summer at Camp Glenn Taylor, the air seemed to be trying to smother me. Outside, the rain was bouncing off the sidewalks, keeping the campers inside that day. The kids didn't notice me at first. They were too busy chasing each other around the gym with the frenzy of being trapped indoors for a day. Then, someone spotted me, and I was suddenly swarmed by hugs coming from all directions. Wriggling through the arms of the other campers was Savannah. She buried her dirty, snot-covered face into my side. I chuckled to myself, remembering my first day with her three months ago. The counselors had decided to take the campers for a hike. We corralled them into the cabin and instructed them to apply bug spray because of all the mosquitoes in the woods. Left and right, little fingers squeezed out the spray, gradually covering each body. But not the mischievous Savannah. No, she insisted upon carrying her bug spray with her and zapping the mosquitoes in mid-air. Unfortunately, this also generated a large quantity of insect repellent into the air. Every time I took a breath, my lungs were filled with noxious fumes. I could taste the bitter air on my tongue. It stung my eyes. "Savannah," I called, "Stop using that bug spray! It's making me sick!!!" Savannah scampered behind a tree, and I could hear the "sssssss" of the aerosol can. "Savannah, I'm warning you, leave that can alone. Either put it on your body or give it to me. Do not spray it into the air again." Before I'd hardly finished my last sentence, Savannah was bolting down the trail ahead of me, out of sight. I let out a sigh of exasperation. The summer ahead of me suddenly seemed to get longer. The most distinctive feature of Savannah, besides her ornery personality, is her face. She looks like a sprite or a tree-nymph. She has a heart-shaped face, which is dark brown: a combination of sun tan from many hours of playing outside and dirty from the same thing. Her almond eyes are deep and dark, but almost always carry a twinkle of mischief. Her face is framed by long brown stringy hair that falls below her shoulders. Savannah is a girl of few words, in English at least.

Archetypes essay

In The Three Little Pigs archetypes are mainly present through the wolf and each of the little pigs. The main conflict that the pigs face is that the wolf comes to their house asking the two pigs to come in each of their houses and they refuse, so the wolf huffs and puffs and blows their house down and eats them. The third pig being the smart one decides to play a game with the wolf. He refuses to let the wolf in and the wolf tries with all his might to blow the house down but it doesn't work. The wolf gets and idea and ties to get the pig out of the house and tells him to meet him at Mr..Smith home – field at six o'clock and that they will get dinner together. The pig outsmarts him and leaves at five o'clock and comes back by the time the wolf gets to his house. He keeps doing this and outsmarting the wolf, soon the wolf gets mad and declares that he will eat him up and that he would get down the chimney. The little pig decides to boil a pot full of water and the wolf falls i n to it and the pig boils him up and eats him. This shows that the cleverness of the third pig prevailed. In The Finnier Wolf the wolf is portrayed as strong and powerful character that thinks he will get what he wants.In the end the wolf gets defeated and the power and dominance is turned over to the protagonist. The hero in this story is as strong as the wolf physically but has a significant amount of knowledge and uses it to his benefit. The wolf thinks many of his actions are clever but in reality they aren't. The wolf declares himself super strong and decides he can pull and break the chain but he underrated the strength of the chain and was overpowered by that. In agenda of Colossal there is great conflict between the villain also know as the monster and the main character also known as Colossal. Sing his crafty kills and strength Colossal advanced toward the monster that everyone feared and sealed him. Many myths and legends end like this because the hero or main character is always portrayed as a good person and the villain is always someone who has a really dark side to them.

The Homelessness Of Homeless Youth Essay - 1775 Words

Homeless individuals can be easily detected in our society. They are the individuals dressed in drab clothing asking for money, the people sleeping on park benches in the middle of the night, and the people who we judge when they beg for money wondering why they don’t get a job. They are judged under a certain narrative that reduces the homeless individual into their current state of being (Lancione, 2013). To understand homelessness one should not only look at the current condition of the individuals but also look at the discourse of factors and events that led homeless individuals into their current states. Homeless youth although hard to spot are still very much a current problem in our society. Many youth fall in between the cracks of the system and are forced to find different ways to produce some sort of income. There is a strong stigma involved when it comes to homeless youth and many face dangers and a great amount of stress while living on the streets (Kidd, 2007). Ma ny of the homeless youth find it difficult to survive and often don’t have shelter and are always hungry (Kidd, 2007). To support themselves, many homeless youth find themselves engaging in prostitution as a means of income and survival (Kidd, 2007). It is not enough to look at the current state of homeless youth but also important to understand the different factors that lead them to making certain decisions; it is no ones first choice to participate in illegal work. In my paper I argue that, theShow MoreRelatedHomelessness And The Homeless Youth1442 Words   |  6 Pages Homelessness is a major problem in the United States. An incredibly vulnerable group is the homeless youth due to their young age and lack of education. According to Edidin, Ganim, Hunter, Karnik (2012) on any particular night in the United States there are ~2 million homeless youth living on the streets, in shelters, or in other temporary accommodation. Youth become homeless for multiple reasons whether it be because they have aged out of foster care, ran from home, were kicked out of their homeRead MoreThe Effects of Homelessness on the Overall Self-Esteem of Homeless Youth1476 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness is often characterized as adults living on the streets taking shelter beneath the interwoven overpasses of the city or standing alongside busy intersections begging for money. Yet, children, those under 18 years of age, are generally not associated with the homeless status as they are invisible, not seen by the general public with their homeless counterparts taking up residence in make-shift housing. Nonetheless, there is a large percent of youth who meet the guidelines for being deemedRead MoreIs Homelessness The United States?1384 Words   |  6 Pagesmeant by homelessness in the United States? Homelessness is something that can be temporary or chronic. It is when an individual or family does not have and cannot afford a suitable place to live long term. Things like staying in a shelter, one room facilities (motel) or staying with a family member or friend does not mean you are not homeless. If you cannot afford suitable long term accommodations yourself, then you are considered homeless. When you are referring to youth homelessness they areRead MoreHomeless Today : Young Adults, Adolescents And Their Families1531 Words   |  7 Pages Homeless in America: Young Adults, Adolescents and Their Families Sophie Homic California University of Pennsylvania SOW 405 Research Methods Marianne Dimatteo October 17, 2014 Introduction Walking through a major city or metropolitan area there are a countless number of people who are wearing old and ripped clothing, carrying bags or pushing grocery carts full of junk, looking like they have not bathed in weeks and most of them holding signs begging for change just so they can eatRead MoreHomelessness Persuasive Speech1217 Words   |  5 PagesHomelessness is the condition of people that do not have a permanent place to live, like a house or an apartment. The issue of homelessness is not subjected to one area, but it is a worldwide problem. Homelessness can result by depending upon a countries economy, and their government because the officials often ignores the issue. Manila, Philippines has 22.8 million who reside in the slums, and 1.2 million of those people are children who live by peddling, or begging on the streets, (Castillo). TheRead MoreEssay On Homeless Programs838 Words   |  4 Pagesreducing homelessness, it does not mean these programs make a significan t difference. There is a dilemma about funding for housing projects. There is no doubt that housing projects cannot maintain their operation without sufficient funding. However, increased funding for homeless programs can slightly reduce homelessness. In â€Å"Does Increased Funding for Homeless Programs Reduce Chronic Homelessness?†, Shawn Moulton estimates a â€Å"fixed-effects model† to examines the effect of new federal homeless fundingRead MoreThe Homeless Are Homeless : A Middle Class Lifestyle After Marriage1654 Words   |  7 Pagesmany people can end up homeless from children, to adults, and even veterans. According to Doran, fifteen percent of America’s homeless are chronically homeless, which means the person has been homeless continuously for a year or more or has had at least four episodes of homelessness in the past three years (Doran). The reason there are so many homeless people now in the country is because of a very punitive and moralistic soc ietal value we have about people who are homeless and in desperate need.Read More The Rise in Youth Homelessness in Canada Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesToday in Canada, a rise in youth homelessness is being observed across the country. Despite common assumptions, the issue of street youth is not isolated to Toronto or Montreal, but has become pervasive across the country. Although accurate statistics are impossible to come by, the disturbing reality is that both urban centers and rural communities nationwide, are struggling to provide their youth with adequate, affordable housing. Issues surrounding the supply and affordability of housing, combinedRead MoreThe Psychological Symptoms And Disparities Of Gay Youth And How They Outstandingly Differentiate From Their Homeless Heterosexual Counterparts1154 Words   |  5 Pages1. Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E.W. Hunter, J. J Youth Adolescence (2012). Authors Rosario, Schrimshaw, and Hunter in this article, documents the very high rates of homelessness among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. However, this study is primarily focuses on the psychological symptoms and disparities of gay youth and how they outstandingly differentiate from their homeless heterosexual counterparts. After further investigation they had begun to examine potential mediators between the two such asRead MoreEssay about Alone Without a Home: Homeless and Runaway Youth 1624 Words   |  7 PagesWithout a Home: Homeless Runaway Youths Across the country, there are children who leave home to avoid the dangers of home only to face the dangers of living on the streets. For some the urge to leave is short lived and they return home. For others it can be a lifetime of struggle as the situation they once thought was a good solution suddenly becomes a never ending nightmare as they fight to survive and face the harsh reality that they have no place to turn to. Homeless runaway youth are on the

Environmental Psychology - 1060 Words

Environmental psychology provides a relatively new and at the same time complex perspective on the connection between the human being and the surrounding environment. Despite the fact that this area of expertise represents a mix of several sciences, among which economics, psychology, sociology (Bechtel and Churchman, 2002, p2-5), it provides a structured view on the interactions humans have with their surroundings. Given this co dependence, there are numerous events that happen every day that affect the relation between the human being and its environment. We live in an ever dependent world and environment. Therefore, it is only natural that world breaking events shape and influence life for communities and countries. Alexa Spence and Nick Pidgeon point out this very fact in an article presented in the online version of Environment Magazine, Psychology, Climate Change Sustainable Behavior (2009). They provide certain tools that can be used to change in the behavior of consumers and ordinary citizens once climate change has become a subject for discussion for the international community. The main point the authors are raising concerns the way in which the society, aware on the intrinsic need to change in order to adapt to new challenges faced by climate change, can actually find the motivation, means, and capacity to do this. More precisely, the authors raise the issues of What represents a sustainable lifestyle, and how might competing visions of this beShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Psychology1009 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Psychology Paper Robyn A. Cole August 13, 2012 PSY 460 Edward A. Muhammad, M.S. Environmental Psychology For more than the past ten years, the field of psychology has covered drawn out analysis and delved into the correlation among human beings and the environment. Clayton and Myers state that, â€Å"Recent quantitative assessments of the human impact on nature give a sobering picture: the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found that about 60% of the earth’s ecosystem Read MoreEnvironmental Psychology Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology Psychology is the study of how human beings and animals sense, think, learn and know. Psychology is a science based on observations and theories. Modern psychology is the collecting of facts and turning them into psychological theories to explain peoples behavior and sometimes to predict and influence their future behavior. Psychology, in the past, has been assumed to have clear sub-fields (headings). Although there are many differences between the different classifications ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Cosmopolitanism On Environmental Psychology906 Words   |  4 Pagescosmopolitanism on environmental psychology is highly significant. This article is meaningful to me because it shows different culturals and how pro environmental behaviours is beneficial. Being environmentally responsible: Cosmopolitan orientation predicts pro environmental Behaviors. Leung, Angela K.-Y.; Koh, Kelly; Tam, Kim-Pong Journal of environmental psychology, Vol 43, Sep 2015, 79 94.http://dx.doi.org.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.05.011 In the articleRead MoreHow Do We Define Environmental Psychology925 Words   |  4 PagesTo define environmental psychology, one must do so by considering the following four key features: â€Å"interactive approach; interdisciplinary and international; problem-focused, applied field; and diversity of methods† (Steg et. al., 2013, p. 5-6). To sum, interactive behavior is best understood by me as one’s interactions with nature and the effect nature ends up having on one after engagement has occurred. As a child, I grew up in Jackson County Forest in Black River Falls, Wisconsin. As well, withRead MoreA Brief Note On Environmental Psychology Research Methods Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesEnvironmental Psychology Research Methods Summary In this study conducted by Megan J. Bissing-Olsoni, Aarti Iyer, Kelly S. Fielding and Hannes Zacher, a survey/diary design was used to examine the relationship of pro-environmental behavior, employees daily affect, pro-environmental attitude, daily task-related pro-environmental behavior, and daily proactive pro-environmental behavior. There were 56 participants in the study and they were all employed in small businesses. The surveys were doneRead MoreEnvironmental Psychology875 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Psychology Olubunmi Ruby Akinsanya Environmental Psychology/460 10/5/2010 Richard Hill Title of Paper Why do individuals act differently in different social settings? Environmental Psychology is the field of psychology which studies the way human behavior is affected by their environment. Environment refers to an individual’s social setting, which can change consistently.   (Fisher, 2007). Social settings and educational settings, professional settings and homeRead MoreEnvironmental Psychology Article Analysis866 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Psychology Article Analysis University of Phoenix Environmental Psychology Article Analysis Environmental psychology does not just study how man affects his environment but also how the environment and natural occurrences affect man. The continual cause and affect cycle from both sides of the equation give purpose to environmental psychology as well as incorporating other disciplines. Unlike many disciplines that have a single focus, the focus of environmental psychologyRead MoreEnvironmental Psychology Article Analysis1058 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Psychology Article Analysis Introduction The paper will critically analyze three chosen articles related to the field of environmental psychology. Important facts highlighted in the article, the week and strong points of the article and most importantly the impact that the article has on the field of environmental psychology will be discussed in the paper. The first article is the fifth chapter Coping with Stress taken from the book Health psychology, 2nd ed.) written by RichardRead MoreEnvironmental Psychology And Its Effects On The Environment2034 Words   |  9 Pagesof instances air pollution can not be seen with the naked eye, however it can be seen when clouds of particulate matters appear above a city. As disturbing as seeing polluted air is, it is the unseen pollutants that is a greater danger. Environmental psychology tells us that personal manners and behavior have an effect on the environment. By doing research on how we harm our environment, processes may be put in place to off set and limit such behaviors. Bio-fuel, wind energy, solar energy, cleanRead MoreThe Depletion Of Natural Elements Has A Negative Impact On Human Mind?1775 Words   |  8 Pagesnature is crucial for his health care, to overlook the impact of restorative outdoor spaces on human health and psych. Existing research: Access to nature can enhance wellness Research from many quarters, including the fields of healthcare, psychology, design, public health, and other disciplines indicates that access to nature can enhance health and wellness. Annerstedt and Wahrborg (2011) propose three main kinds of public health effects related to nature: short-term recovery from stress or

Symptoms And Diagnosis Of Ms - 983 Words

MS is traditionally described as clinical symptoms or signs of two CNS lesions separated in time and space that are not caused by other CNS disease. Due to the absence of a specific immune-based assay, the diagnosis of MS continues to be predicated on the clinical history and neurological examination; that is, finding multiple lesions in time and space in the CNS. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the most important diagnostic tool for allowing the early and more precise diagnosis of the disease. Revised diagnostic criteria classify individuals in the categories of MS into either not multiple sclerosis or possible MS based on evidence from MRI (McDonald, 2001). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination allows the identification of oligoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) bands which are present in 98% of patients but can be absent in early disease. Also, approximately 80-90% of patients with MS have delayed visual evoked potentials (mainly optic neuritis). Finally, although there is no specific blood test for MS, the absence of other autoimmune markers (anti-nuclear antibodies, extractable nuclear antigen, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies and anti-phospholipid antibodies) can be helpful. Criteria that determine â€Å"MS† have been revised several times in the last few years (2001, 2005, and 2010) (Polman, 2011). Criteria now enable diagnosis of MS when new MRI lesions define separation in time and space i.e., a new MRI lesion more than 30Show MoreRelatedDiagnosis Of Multiple Sclerosis ( Ms ) Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesMultiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS and the most frequent cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in young and middle-aged adults (1). Women are twice as likely to be affected as men, and onset typically occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 years (2). The diagnosis Depend on a detailed history; careful neurological examination; and supportive paraclinical investigations. According to the new McDonald criteria, the diagnosis of MS requires objectiveRead MoreMultiple Sclerosis : A Degenerative Disease Of The Central Nervous System1210 Words   |  5 Pagesdeterioration of the nerve it self. Multiple sclerosis, often referred to as MS, is called â€Å"multiple† for the many areas of the brain that are affected and â€Å"sclerosis† for the scarring of tissue and lesions that form on the brain and spinal cord. The symptoms of MS can vary significantly from one person to another depending on what area of the central nervous system the lesions are present. 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Scalable SQL And NoSQL Data Stores Click Now to Get Solution

Question: Discuss about the Scalable SQL and NoSQL Data Stores. Answer: Introduction Over the past decade, technology has evolved greatly. This has resulted in a lot of data being generated from different platforms. The requirements for data storage and accessibility have also evolved due to increase in data types creating a problem for the conventional relational databases which is mostly used for structured data. The conventional relational databases have a strict schema and once defined it is impossible to alter it without taking the database offline. For Industries that generated a large volume of data varying in types and formats, the NoSQL database offers a flexible, and scalable alternative. NoSQL Databases NoSQL stands for not only SQL or not relational(Cattell 2011). This type of databases are normally open source and tend have a flexible data model compared to the relational databases. The NoSQL databases are distinguished by their BASE (Basically Available, Soft-state, Eventually consistent) properties which do not conform to the CAP (consistency, Availability, Partition-tolerance) theorem which requires data systems to have at least two of this properties according to Brewer (2010) as cited by Birgen (2014). NoSQL databases favour availability over consistency allowing them to accommodate a lot of read and write commands at the same time. Horizontal scalability and performance NoSQL databases allow distribution of data over different servers that do not share disk space or RAM; once a server is added, the database automatically spreads the data into the new server resulting to load distribution increases the performance of the database (Cattell 2011). This is cheaper than vertical scaling supported by SQL databases as it basic servers involves working together as clusters as opposed to a single very specialized server used by relational databases(Mongodb n.d.). Unlike in relational databases-SQL databases where the schema has to be predefined, NOSQL databases has the capacity to allow the addition of new data types and the schema evolves as new data types are added in. Limitations NoSQL databases are becoming more popular in this digital age as they are very useful in storing big data, however, there are a few areas where they may not be the best choice for everyone. They are open source and therefore lack dedicated support as compared to the relational databases who have readily available experts to help in case there is a problem. They are also not very useful for industries that require manipulation and querying of data as they mostly require manual querying of the database due to lack of a structured language (Leavitt 2010). Key-Value databases They are usually schema-less and use a simple Key and Value relationship where the key acts as a unique index while the value is the data itself (Gurevich 2015). An example of this database is e-bay where one searches for items using a keyword and the database provide the information relating to the keyword. A key value database is a hash table that is used primarily when access is made through primary key. Regarded as the simplest NoSQL database, key value database is the simplest to use. A client can put the value for the key, get its value, or delete a key. The value is just stored. The database is unaware of what lays inside. The application understands what is stored inside the data store. Riak is a key value database that helps to store keys in buckets. It is a way to segment keys. Information related to shopping cart, user preferences, and session data can be stored in the same bucket having a single value and key (Sebastian et al., 2013). Graph databases Graph databases utilize graph structures to store and restore data. The graph is the key concept of the system and relates directly to the data items. Graph databases are relatively older ones in the NoSQL database. Birgen (2014) stated that they employ nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. They create relationships between the different nodes and hence are best used to stored data highly interconnected data (Hazim 2014). An example that uses this type of database is facebook where it is used to create relationships between friends and even friends of friends. Neo4J can be taken as a graph database and can be used to solve problems related to application. Graphs like FlockDB and Infinite Graph provide a distributed storage for the nodes. The last transaction IDs are kept track by using Apache ZooKeeper. Java objects are stored as edges and nodes in Infinite Graph. Such databases also use the properties of location and distance so that the application used by the client can give recommendations of entertainment options or good restaurants in nearby places (Miller, 2013). Conclusion This evolution of data to big data which is not easily stored by the common relational databases has created a gap that these databases have filled. They may not be useful for everybody and are by no means on the path to replace the relational databases but are very useful for industries which do not require the consistency offered by relational databases and favour availability more. References Birgen, Cansu. Advanced Process Stimulation: SQL vs NoSQL . Technologynorwegian University Of Science And Technologynorwegian University Of Science And Technologynorwegian University Of Science And Technology Norwegian University Of Sciencnorwegian University Of Science And Technology Cattell, Rick. Scalable SQL and NoSQL data stores. SIGMOD Rec. vol. 39, no. 4, 2011: 12-27. Gurevich, Yuri. Comparative Survey of NoSQL/ NewSQL DB Systems. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The Open University of Israel, The Open University of Israel, 2015. Hazim, Dhulfiqar. Document - Oriented NoSQL Databases Performance analysis of Mongodb and MySQL using PHP. THAPAR UNIVERSITY, 2014. Leavitt, Neal. Will NoSQL Databases Live Up to Their Promise? Computer (IEEE Computer Society) Volume 43, no. Issue 2 (02 2010): 12-14. Mason, Robert T. NoSQL Databases and Data Modeling Techniques for a Document-oriented NoSQL Database. Informing Science IT Education Conference (InSITE). 2015. 259-268. Miller, J. J. (2013, March). Graph database applications and concepts with Neo4j. In Proceedings of the Southern Association for Information Systems Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA (Vol. 2324). Mongodb. Mongodb. https://www.mongodb.com/security (accessed 11 02, 2016). Sebastian, Abraham, Swaroop Jagadish, S. U. N. Yun, Robert M. Schulman, and Shirshanka Das. "Transactional key-value database with searchable indexes." U.S. Patent Application 13/935,130, filed July 3, 2013. Sharma, Sugam. An Extended Classification and Comparison of NoSQL Big Data Models. Iowa State University, 2015.

The Levels of Deception in Twelfth Night Essay Example For Students

The Levels of Deception in Twelfth Night Essay Twelfth Night is a play that depends on deceptions. Without deception none of the plays major storylines could exist in the way that they do. As might be expected, the deceptions fall into different types of deception, and also many different levels. These can be described as levels of importance- some involving whole plots and some only a few minor events- and levels of how obvious each deception is. The deceptions come in many different guises, including deliberate deception, self-deception and others. Deliberate deception is crucial to the plot. One aspect of this is the element of disguise. This can be divided into literal disguise, in the form of characters altering their appearance, and the faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade which characters present to the world in order to seem different to how they really are. Probably the most important and far reaching deception in the play is Violas disguise as a man, Cesario. This has many consequences for herself and others. She first disguises herself for protection in a foreign land, she wishes the sea captain to help her dress as a man so that she can find employment. The consequences of this are central to the play. If Viola had not perpetuated this deception she would not have met Orsino, and similarly Olivia and Sebastian may never have married. Violas disguise is of a high level, relating equally to its important consequences, how obvious and comical it is to the audience, and also that it is complicated and difficult to maintain, as Viola not only has to disguise her sex but also her origins of social class. We will write a custom essay on The Levels of Deception in Twelfth Night specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Feste disguises himself in order to fool Malvolio, using the comical elements of literal disguise. As Sir Toby Belch says: put on this gown and this beard; make him believe thou art Sir Topas the curate Apart from the immediately obvious deception seen here, this disguise is interesting in a number of ways. Shakespeares use of the name Topas is important, as the semi-precious stone topas was renowned for its ability to cure madness. Members of Shakespeares audience may have known this, and would find it humorous related to the fact that Malvolio was said to be mad. It is odd that this disguise at first seems unnecessary. Malvolio is locked in a dark room and cannot see Feste. However its purpose is to create comedy for the audience. This disguise is quite cruel in the way that it deceives Malvolio, but it is actually seen as funny by the audience and by other characters. Shakespeare clearly intends this comical aspect with Feste as; living up to the role of licensed fool, all that he says is designed to be amusing: Malvolio: good Sir Topas, go to my lady- Feste: Out, hyperbolical fiendtalkest thou of nothing but ladies? Feste is completely aware of what Malvolio means at this point and throughout the scene, but Shakespeare chooses for him to deliberately misunderstand, resulting in a wonderful comedic situation for the audience. Many characters in the play disguise their true emotions, personality and identity without physically wearing a disguise. A prime example of this is Feste. He is perceived to be a fool, which is actually his occupation. Nonetheless throughout the play he shows his intelligence in the comments he makes and his insights. He has some wise thoughts, for example, on the question of virtue: Anything thats mended, is but patched: virtue that transgresses is but patched with sin; and sin that amends is but patched with virtue. This is not the type of comment that a foolish person would be expected to make; and so we see clearly that the title fool is only a front, and that Festes true character is very different. Feste is also shown as highly perceptive, for example when he says to Maria if Sir Toby would leave drinking, thou wert as witty a piece of Eves flesh as any in Illyria. this is an accurate foretelling of the marriage between Maria and Sir Toby that takes place. Shakespeare makes reference to the Biblical account of creation to suggest Marias femininity. Comments made by Feste throughout the play show the audience that the original image Shakespeare creates for him by remarks such as Olivias Take the fool away are misleading. Feste, despite the act that he puts on, is obviously not a fool. Others who are not what they appear to be include Olivia who is not as sincere in her mourning as she would seem, and Sir Toby and Sir Andrew who are certainly not as staid and responsible as their elevated rank might indicate. Many of the plays deceptions are brought about by liars and lying. One obvious example of this is the gulling of Malvolio by Sir Toby, Sir Andrew Aguecheek, Fabian and Maria. In revenge for his puritanical attitudes they decide to trick him using a love letter written by Maria, which appears to come from Olivia. The plotters are eager to accept this out of their dislike for Malvolio and to humiliate him. They look forward to the enjoyment and comedy this deception will cause: .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c , .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c .postImageUrl , .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c , .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c:hover , .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c:visited , .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c:active { border:0!important; } .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c:active , .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u045613d890356162d113f119ddcb485c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare Assignment: Romeo and Juliet; Act 3 Scene 5 EssaySir Andrew: Oh, twill be admirable! Maria: Sport royal, I warrant you This shows a great contrast to the complicated and upsetting results, which Viola had realised earlier are a result of her own deception: Oh time thou must untangle this, not I! It is too hard a knot for me tuntie Here Shakespeares rhyming couplet concludes a particular thought, and indeed the scene. The metaphor, comparing deception to a knot, is very effective as a knot contains different strands which, having become entangled and intertwined; will be very hard to undo. This is very similar to a definition of deception. Sir Toby lies to Sir Andrew at various points in the play. One example of this deception of Sir Andrew is found when Sir Toby and Fabian amuse themselves by carrying lies between Sir Andrew and Cesario at the occasion of their duel: Sir Toby: Fabian can scarce hold him yonder Sir Andrew: Let him let the matter slip and Ill give him my horse Sir Toby: (to Cesario) Theres no remedy, sir, he will fight with you fors oaths sakes Shakespeare creates dramatic irony with the first line of this dialogue as the audience realise that the only reason Fabian can scarce hold Cesario is because he is so desperate to get away! This also contains a hint that the friendship between Sir Andrew and Sir Toby is a deception in itself as Sir Toby does not hesitate to use Sir Andrew for entertainment in much the same way as he earlier used Malvolio. There are also hints given that Sir Toby only wants Sir Andrew around for his money; he says, I have been dear to him, lad, some two thousand strong or so. This is one of the deepest levels of deception in the play. If it is true then the entire friendship of these two characters is based on a deception. This is a serious issue, which contrasts with the comic theme of the play. This deception is never actually specified, only hinted at. Characters in Twelfth Night often deceive other people, but they are just as likely to deceive or delude themselves. Malvolio is a great sufferer of this. He believes himself to be universally popular. Aptly noted by Olivia: O, you are sick of self love Malvolio His extreme egotism provides comedy for the audience, and a ground for his deception over the letter, as he also believes mistakenly that Olivia loves him and may marry him. This shows once again his deceptively high opinion of himself; that he thinks he may marry into the upper echelons of society despite being only a steward. His belief of Olivias love for him, even before he has the letter leaves him vulnerable to be deceived by Marias letter, as he does not find it surprising that Olivia would be in love with him. Orsino also suffers from self-deception. He has convinced himself that he is in love with Olivia, but we see that this cannot be true. As soon as he discovers that Cesario is in fact a woman, Viola, he falls in love with her: But when in other habits you are seen- Orsinos mistress and his fancys queen Shakespeares juxtaposition of mistress and queen highlights Orsinos previously elaborate, superficial emotions. Therefore it seems that previously he had been more in love with the idea of love rather than in love with one particular woman, he appears to have simply settled on Olivia as the best candidate at the time. We can, in fact, see his self-indulgent attitude towards love in the first few lines of the play: If music be the food of love, play on, Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting, The appetite may sicken and so die Shakespeare uses food imagery to great effect here; the atmosphere of love and excess of love, which is particular to Orsino throughout the play, is set and we get an idea that not all is well in his love as he apparently wishes to be rid of it. The idea is given that if Orsino has too much music he will become sick of it, and if music feeds his love then he will become sick of love itself. This appears to be what he wants. Orsino is melodramatic and emotionally self-indulgent. Despite his words he appears to enjoy the part of the unrequited lover, and plays it very well. .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741 , .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741 .postImageUrl , .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741 , .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741:hover , .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741:visited , .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741:active { border:0!important; } .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741:active , .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741 .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c37e7be5bff87fb9ec67b303ae53741:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: "Romeo and Juliet" : Love EssayA very short while after entering Orsinos service, Viola finds herself in love with him. As she is meant to be a male servant she has to hide this love. However she does not do this by outright lies, but rather by twisting the truth, or telling half-truths. An example of this can be found where Viola is describing the person she loves to Orsino: Orsino: What kind of a woman ist? Viola: Of your complexion Viola is neither lying nor telling the whole truth. She is deceiving Orsino despite the fact that she is not lying to him- and she is keeping her secret whilst also disclosing it. Orsino does not notice or suspect Viola, simply because to him she is a man. Later Viola comes even closer to revealing the truth to Orsino: My father had a daughter loved a man- As it might be, perhaps, were I a woman, I should your lordship Shakespeares use of language is masterful here. Violas first line is strictly truthful, and of course refers to her, but put in such a way that only the audience with their prior knowledge of Violas gender fully understand it. The next two lines are also accurate, although she speaks of them as possibilities while we know them to be actualities. It is unnecessary for Viola to endanger herself in this way and so it would seem that at least a part of her actually wants Orsino to know the truth. In stark contrast to these other deceptions Shakespeare also shows that it is possible to deceive without ever saying a word. Sebastian does not lie to Olivia, or disguise himself, and yet he does deceive her: while Olivia is addressing him as Cesario and talking to him as if they have been quite intimate, Sebastian never implies that he does not know what she is talking about. Olivia says to him: Be not offended, dear Cesario As Sebastian is obviously aware that he is not Cesario it would seem that the honest approach would be to disillusion Olivia. However he does not do so, and in fact when Olivia invites him into her house he agrees- despite the fact that he is aware that she believes him to be someone else. He is portrayed to be somewhat of an opportunist. Deception is used extensively in Twelfth Night to create comedy. However Shakespeare also uses deception to explore and expose much of the darker side of human nature; a comment on peoples often highly selfish desires. Many, if not all, the main characters of the play appear to be motivated by their own self centred wishes. One example of this is Orsino who is very self-indulgent, as we see from the plays opening: If music be the food of love, play on, Give me excess of it Orsino is looking simply for self-gratification. He is not motivated by any better feelings towards anyone or anything else. Olivia is also seeking only to please herself by remaining in mourning. Feste demonstrates that she really has nothing to feel miserable about: The more fool, madonna, to mourn for your brothers soul, being in heaven. Yet Olivia continues to mourn, while it suits her, and when a better alternative presents itself, she stops. The act of mourning, which would appear to be a loving, selfless act is no less self-indulgent than Orsinos excesses. Other characters who demonstrate this less than admirable quality include Sebastian when he accepts Olivias invitation, and Malvolio who selfishly wants higher social status. Sir Toby also lives his life purely for his own pleasure, with alcohol, mischief and enjoyment all forming large parts. Twelfth Night therefore depends upon deception; without deception there would be no play. This is the obvious conclusion to be drawn. However, to state a definite hierarchy of deception would be impossible, as the deceptions are linked, intertwined and interdependent. Many of them relate to the main plot involving Olivia, Orsino, Viola and Sebastian whilst a substantial number of others contribute to the subplot of the gulling of Malvolio. Each minor deception subtly helps lead to the conclusion of the play, and each is therefore important. The most important deception is Violas disguise as Cesario, but after this it becomes harder to distinguish a hierarchy. It is important to realise that there is more to Twelfth Night than originally meets the eye. What is indeed a very comical play also conveys a serious message about human nature, shown through the excesses of its main characters and their deceit. Shakespeare causes the majority of his characters to become deceived but perhaps he also deceives his audience into thinking that the play is merely for fun. The conclusion to be drawn is that deception is the heart of the play, in all its aspects.

Social Networks in Modern Business

Introduction In recent past, social networking has been on the rise. Many companies and individuals have embraced use of social networks because of their many benefits. For example, companies are using social networks to interact with customers.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Social Networks in Modern Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many companies have successfully used social networks to improve their understanding of the modern marketplace (Jue and Kassotakis 45). For example, Del Monte uses social networks to reach out to its customers in a process referred to as customer intimacy (Rainer and Ceglieski 160). The company has developed three platforms to facilitate communication and interaction with customers. Social networks are beneficial to both individuals and companies. However, they have several disadvantages that limit their reliability and efficiency. Disadvantages include exposure of dat a to security risks, possible reduction in employee performance, reduced ability to monitor employees, and reduced organizational efficiency and productivity. Advantages of social networks Social networks have many advantages that have resulted in increased demand and use. They provide information, enable businesses do things in new and more efficient ways, facilitate communication, and enhance collaboration (Jue and Kassotakis 55). Common social media tools that organizations and individuals use include Twitter, Facebook, blogs, MySpace, and others that allow free interaction with customers. Social intranets area common aspect of communication in many organizations. Many organizations sue them as a tool for internal communication.Advertising Looking for assessment on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social networks transform computers into reliable and efficient sources of information. As such, individu als can access information from numerous sources on the internet. On the other hand, companies and individuals can conduct research because adequate information is available on different topics and disciplines (Haigh 77). Availability of adequate and relevant information has transformed ways in which organizations conduct business. Reliability of social networks is the main reason why many organizations choose them as primary sources of information. In addition, retrieval of information is fast and cost-effective (Haigh 78). In olden days, organizations hired research companies to collect information from customers. However, with advent of social networks, organizations collect first hand information from customers through social networking services such as Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace. Another advantage of social networks is that they facilitate communication (Rainer and Ceglieski 167). They promote communication channels such as chat rooms, emails, call centres, and voice messag es that reduce costs of operations. A study conducted on more than 290 organizations located in America, Asia, and Europe found out that more than half of them rely on use of social intranets for communication within the organization (Rainer and Ceglieski 169). Among them, the most common social networking tool used was instant messaging. It was used by 77 percent of surveyed organizations. Other commonly used tools included streaming audio and video.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Social Networks in Modern Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the study found out that even though many organizations use social networking tools for internal communication, their use among employees is still poor. In many organizations, social media is used to facilitate communication between employees, and team members. It has been used for top-down communication between employees and management. For example, bl ogging promotes communication between employees and managers in organizations that have large teams of employees (Rainer and Ceglieski 169). One advantage of use of social networks is because many of them do not compromise privacy. In addition, communication between employees and managers promotes effective organizational dialogue between different levels in an organization (Jue and Kassotakis 58). Another advantage of using social networks for communication in organizations is enhancement of relationships and efficiency. It is easy for employees to give their ideas, opinions, and feedback regarding any organizational mater without fear of victimization by supervisors or managers (Haigh 81). For example, during a crisis, communication between different levels of an organization is quick and effective in solving the crisis. Social networks support new ways of conducting business (Rainer and Ceglieski 160). For example, they support new ways of marketing and advertising, supply chain management, customer service, and human resource management.Advertising Looking for assessment on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More New methods of conducting business enable organizations and businesses develop competitive advantage strategies that enhance survival in the highly volatile and uncertain modern business environment (Haigh 41). For example, many organizations save a lot of money that was traditionally used to advertise products by using social networks. Instead of conducting expensive marketing and advertisement, organizations rely on social networks to share experiences with customer on certain products introduced in the market (Haigh 44). In addition, customers share information regarding products and companies on social networks. This serves as an efficient marketing strategy for many organizations. On the other hand, many organizations use social networks to build their corporate images. For example, organizations use twitter to share short messages with customers on their corporate social responsibility activities and projects (Jue and Kassotakis 61). These messages improve the images of organi zations thus attracting and more customers and investors. In addition, they have introduced a new business paradigm that is necessary in the social media era. Companies and organizations that were little known have become famous in many areas because of use of social networks. They facilitate use of new communication methods, new ways of developing relationships between managers and employees, and facilitate new ways of solving organizational problems and challenges. Many organizations embrace use of social networks because they promote open communication, strong relationships, and transparency among employees and employers (Jue and Kassotakis 63). Finally, social networks facilitate collaboration between employees in achievement of organizational goal and objectives (Rainer and Ceglieski 168). Social networks have made collaboration between virtual teams easy. Teams in different locations can conduct virtual meetings and perform certain tasks together. This has contributed to cost reduction and proper use of time by organizations (Rainer and Ceglieski 168). For example, social networks facilitate crowd sourcing, which is a new concept that has improved efficiency and productivity of many organizations. Disadvantages of social networks Social networks have disadvantages that limit their reliability and usefulness. They include feelings of isolation from other employees, lack of socialization, reduced chances of promotion at the workplace, and exposure of data to online fraudsters (Golden 48). Many organizations conduct many business activities on social networks. Activities such as research, marketing, human resource management, and recruitment are now conducted through social networks. Therefore, employees spend a lot of time online interacting with customers and potential employees. This has reduced physical interaction and as a result created a feeling of isolation in employees (Dahln, Lange, and Smith 83). It is important for employees to feel that they ar e part of an organization and corporate culture. However, social network have widened the gap and facilitated development of isolated work environments that have affected employees adversely. There is no physical contact between employees and customers or potential employees. This has reduced socialization because many activities and tasks are executed virtually. Socialization between employees is one of the most important aspect of improving employee performance and productivity. However, social networks promote virtual socialization that does not offer benefits of social interaction. In traditional marketing, employees interacted physically with customers. This was a very effective way of convincing customers because employees could use emotions to connect with customers (Dahln, Lange, and Smith 85). In contrast, social networks do not facilitate emotional connection between employees and customers, which is an important marketing strategy (Haigh 47). Even though successful, use o f social networks has reduced effectiveness s of certain organizational activities. Use of social networks has reduced employee monitoring. Therefore, it is difficult for an employer to promote an employee because social networks do not facilitate measurement of employee performance. In addition, employees may lose certain benefits and be subject to lower remuneration (Dahln, Lange, and Smith 84). This is because social networks have made execution of tasks easier and faster. For example, employees do not need to travel or make phone calls to convince customers to buy their products. These activities are conducted online through social networks. Employee monitoring is important in order to measure employee performance and productivity, parameters that are used to promote and demote employees (Dahln, Lange, and Smith 88). However, these activities have become difficult with advent of social networks in organizations because managers cannot monitor employees virtually. Another disadva ntage of social networks is threat to data security. Sustained use of social networks exposes an organization’s data to risk of compromise (Golden 50). With absence of fraudsters on the internet, companies risk losing data that could be used to compromise their operations. Many rival organizations hire fraudsters to obtain data illegally form companies that rely on social networks to perform organizational activities. For example, marketing and strategic data of organizations may be obtained from social networks during interaction between managers and employees. In most cases, data and useful information is compromised in cases where competition is stiff between organizations or companies. Certain organizations hack into databases of other organizations and obtain information that helps them gain competitive advantage in the market. In addition, information on customer and marketing strategies could be used to compete with companies that dominate certain markets. Use of socia l networks makes it difficult for employers to monitor employees (Dahln, Lange, and Smith 86). This may lead to poor performance and low productivity. In addition, cost of purchasing, installing, and maintaining technological gadgets is high. Additional costs arise from training employees on ways of using social networks effectively in order to achieve organizational goals and objectives in desired ways (Dahln, Lange, and Smith 87). Conclusion Social networking has introduced new business concepts in the field of communication that have benefited organizations and individuals. Social networks are used for communication and information retrieval. In addition, they allow organizations do business in new ways. They present cost-effective ways of doing business such as cheap marketing and advertisement. Organizations save a lot of money by avoiding traditional methods of marketing and advertisement by focusing on marketing and advertising using tools availed by social networks. However, they have disadvantages too. They contribute to low employee performance, increase costs of operations, create a feeling of isolation in employees, and expose organizations’ data to online fraudsters. For example, rival companies hack into each other’s databases and gain access to useful information that enables them gain competitive advantage over each other. Works Cited Dahln, Micael, Lange, Fredrik, and Smith Terry. Marketing Communications: A Brand  Narrative Approach. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2007. Print. Golden, Michelle. Social Media Strategies for Professionals and Their Firms: The Guide  to Establishing Credibility and Accelerating Relationships. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2010. Print. Haigh, Paul. Social Network Websites: Their Benefits and Risks. New York: Optimus Education eBooks, 2009. Print. Jue, Arthur, and Kassotakis Mary. Social Media at Work: How Networking Tools Propel  Organizational Performance. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2003. Print. R ainer, Robert, and Ceglieski Casey. Introduction to Information Systems: Enabling  and Transforming Business. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2010. Print. This assessment on Social Networks in Modern Business was written and submitted by user K1nsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.